Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Vietnam

What percentage of global greenhouse gas emissions does Vietnam produce?

Vietnam produced 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2021 (the latest date with complete emissions data). This amounted to 470m metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, or MtCO₂e. These emissions represented a decrease from 2020 by -1.5%.

In the period from 1990 to 2021 their emissions have increased by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1% and Vietnam has contributed 0.58% of global greenhouse emissions.

In 2021, Vietnam was the world’s 18th largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions. The largest emitters in the same period were China, the United States, India, Russia and Brazil.

When looking at emissions over time Vietnam is the 30th largest emitter since 1990.

Emissions per capita in Vietnam – average household carbon footprint

The population of Vietnam is 98.2m. On a per capita basis, they produce 4.8 tonnes of CO2e per person, placing them 93rd out of 191 on emissions produced per capita. The biggest per capita emitters are Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain and Turkmenistan.

What is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in Vietnam?

Gases

74% of emissions in Vietnam came from Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 18.5% came from Methane (CH4), and 5.5% came from Nitrous Oxide (N2O).

Sectors

The sector that produced the most emissions in 2021 was the energy industry, producing 308m of GHG emissions, constituting 65.5% of total.

The second and third largest emitting sectors were industrial processes and agriculture, producing 15.2% and 14.8% of total GHG in Vietnam.

Energy

The industry that produced the most energy related emissions was the electricity/heat industry, producing 143m of GHG emissions, constituting 30.4% of total emissions.

The second and third largest emitting sectors were manufacturing/construction and transportation, emitting 97m and 32.9m tonnes of GHG each.

Land Use Change and Forestry

Land use change and forestry (LUCF), such as deforestation and conversion of natural ecosystems to agricultural or urban areas, can have a significant impact on carbon emissions.

• Trees and other vegetation absorb and store carbon through the process of photosynthesis, and when they are cut down or burned, that stored carbon is released into the atmosphere.
• Deforestation and other forms of land use change can also reduce the ability of ecosystems to absorb and store carbon in the future. Additionally, the conversion of land for agriculture or urban development can lead to the release of carbon stored in the soil.
• On the other hand, sustainable forestry practices, such as reforestation and afforestation, can help to remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it in trees and other vegetation.

In the case of Vietnam, LUCF had a positive impact on Vietnam’s emissions, decreasing their carbon footprint by 13m tonnes.

After accounting for land use change and forestry, the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions in Vietnam in 2021 was 457m metric tonnes.

How vulnerable is Vietnam to the impact of climate change?

The Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) Index

The ND-GAIN Index measures countries’ vulnerability to global challenges, including climate change, and their readiness to improve resilience.

Vietnam scores 47.5 on the ND-Gain Index and is classified in the ‘high vulnerability and high readiness’ category of climate change preparedness.

The index aims to assist businesses, governments, and communities in prioritising investments for a more efficient response to global shifts.

It is measured by combining two main components:

1. Vulnerability: This evaluates a country’s vulnerability to environmental risks and its ability to adapt. It considers health, food and water availability, infrastructure, and ecosystem services. A higher score indicates greater vulnerability to environmental challenges.
2. Readiness: This measures how well a country can leverage investments to mitigate climate change. It considers economic stability, governance, technology, and infrastructure. A higher score means a country is better prepared to implement resilience strategies.

This ranking helps identify areas where resources and adaptation strategies can be most effectively directed to mitigate risks and enhance resilience.

By combining these dimensions, the index provides a comprehensive approach to measuring countries’ ability to cope with the impacts of climate change.

High vulnerability and high readiness in Vietnam

In terms of readiness to adapt to climate change, Vietnam ranks in the below average group. Globally, the average readiness score is 0.424, with Vietnam posting a score of 0.426.

They show the greatest strength in economic aspects, while their performance in social aspects requires improvement.

• Economic readiness refers to the business environment and its capacity to adapt to climate change, emphasizing the importance of a supportive regulatory framework for adaptation initiatives.
• Social readiness refers to the societal factors like inequality, education, and technology infrastructure that affect a country’s ability to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Regarding vulnerability to climate change, Vietnam falls into the above average category. Compared to the global average vulnerability score of 0.431, Vietnam has a score of 0.475.

Their resilience is most notable in health areas, yet they face significant challenges in ecosystems.

• Health vulnerability refers to the impact of climate change on diseases and medical resources. Innovations can enhance resilience to vulnerabilities affecting human health through food, water insecurity, and extreme weather events.
• Ecosystem services refers to the natural capital and resources foundational to economies and societies. Climate change-induced shifts in geoclimes stress ecosystems, highlighting the need for adaptive responses.

The formula to calculate the ND-GAIN Index is

GAIN Index=(Readiness Indicators−Vulnerability Indicators+1)×50GAIN Index=(Readiness Indicators−Vulnerability Indicators+1)×50

In this formula:

• The Readiness Indicators are measured on a scale of 0 to 1, where a higher score means that the readiness is better.
• The Vulnerability Indicators are also measured on a scale of 0 to 1, but a lower score indicates better vulnerability in this case. 
• The difference between the Readiness and Vulnerability scores is calculated and then incremented by 1. 
• Finally, the result is multiplied by 50 to convert the GAIN Index score to a range of 0-100, where a higher score means the situation is better.

Is there a correlation between greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth in Vietnam?

In 2021, the gross domestic product (GDP) in Vietnam grew by 5.6% from the previous year, with the economy moving from $347bn to $366bn. During the same period, carbon emissions decreased by -1.5%. Over the ten-year period from 2011 to 2021, GDP grew 112%, while emissions increased by 75.5%.

To put this into context, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of GDP in Vietnam over the past ten years was 7.8%, and the CAGR for greenhouse gas emissions was 5.8%.